Proximal Hamstring Avulsion Injuries: Injury Mechanism, Diagnosis and Disease Course

References 

1. Orchard JW. Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for muscle strains in Australian football. Am J Sports Med. 2001;3:300–303
2. Cross TM, Gibbs N, Houang MT, et al. Acute quadriceps muscle strains: Magnetic resonance imaging features and prognosis. Am J Sports Med. 2004;3:710–719
3. Cohen S, Bradley J. Acute proximal hamstring rupture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;6:350–355
4. Wood DG, Packham I, Trikha SP, et al. Avulsion of the proximal hamstring origin. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;11:2365–2374
5. Koulouris G, Connell D. Imaging of hamstring injuries: Therapeutic implications. Eur Radiol. 2006;7:1478–1487
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
6. Clanton TO, Coupe KJ. Hamstring strains in athletes: Diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998;4:237–248
7. Klingele KE, Sallay PI. Surgical repair of complete proximal hamstring tendon rupture. Am J Sports Med. 2002;5:742–747
8. Carlson C. The natural history and management of hamstring injuries. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2008;2:120–123
9. Miller SL, Gill J, Webb GR. The proximal origin of the hamstrings and surrounding anatomy encountered during repair (A cadaveric study). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;1:44–48
10. Koulouris G, Connell D. Evaluation of the hamstring muscle complex following acute injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;10:582–589
11. Lempainen L, Sarimo J, Heikkilä J, et al. Surgical treatment of partial tears of the proximal origin of the hamstring muscles. Br J Sports Med. 2006;8:688–691
12. Garrett WE, Califf JC, Bassett FH. Histochemical correlates of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1984;2:98–103
13. Mann R, Sprague P. A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1980;2:334–348
14. Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Hoerth DM, et al. Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;1:108–114
15. Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Best TM, et al. Simulation of biceps femoris musculotendon mechanics during the swing phase of sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;11:1931–1938
16. Heiderscheit BC, Hoerth DM, Chumanov ES, et al. Identifying the time of occurrence of a hamstring strain injury during treadmill running: A case study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2005;10:1072–1078
17. Yu B, Queen RM, Abbey AN, et al. Hamstring muscle kinematics and activation during overground sprinting. J Biomech. 2008;15:3121–3126
18. Askling CM, Tengvar M, Saartok T, et al. Acute first-time hamstring strains during slow-speed stretching: Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and recovery characteristics. Am J Sports Med. 2007;10:1716–1724
19. Garrett WE. Muscle strain injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(suppl 6):S2–S8
    • MEDLINE
20. Garrett WE, Rich FR, Nikolaou PK, et al. Computed tomography of hamstring muscle strains. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;5:506–514
21. Askling CM, Tengvar M, Saartok T, et al. Proximal hamstring strains of stretching type in different sports: Injury situations, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and return to sport. Am J Sports Med. 2008;9:1799–1804
22. Garrett WE, Lohnes J. Cellular and matrix response to mechanical injury at the myotendinous junction. In:  Leadbetter WB,  Buckwalter JA,  Gordon SL editor. An Introduction to Sports-Induced Soft Tissue Inflammation. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1990;p. 215–224
23. Speer KP, Lohnes J, Garrett WE. Radiographic imaging of muscle strain injury. Am J Sports Med. 1993;1:89–95discussion 96
24. Patel TJ, Das R, Fridén J, et al. Sarcomere strain and heterogeneity correlate with injury to frog skeletal muscle fiber bundles. J Appl Physiol. 2004;5:1803–1813
25. Lieber RL, Friden J. Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active muscle strain. J Appl Physiol. 1993;2:520–526
26. Askling C, Saartok T, Thorstensson A. Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level. Br J Sports Med. 2006;1:40–44
    • CrossRef
27. Askling C, Tengvar M, Saartok T, et al. Sports related hamstring strains—Two cases with different etiologies and injury sites. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000;5:304–307
28. Askling CM, Tengvar M, Saartok T, et al. Acute first-time hamstring strains during high-speed running: A longitudinal study including clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Am J Sports Med. 2007;2:197–206
29. Gidwani S, Bircher MD. Avulsion injuries of the hamstring origin—A series of 12 patients and management algorithm. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007;4:394–399
30. Mica L, Schwaller A, Stoupis C, et al. Avulsion of the hamstring muscle group: A follow-up of 6 adult non-athletes with early operative treatment: A brief report. World J Surg. 2009;8:1605–1610
31. Sallay PI, Friedman RL, Coogan PG, et al. Subjective and functional outcomes following surgical repair of complete ruptures of the proximal hamstring complex. Orthopedics. 2008;11:1092
32. Sarimo J, Lempainen L, Mattila K, et al. Complete proximal hamstring avulsions: A series of 41 patients with operative treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2008;6:1110–1115
33. Sallay PI, Friedman RL, Coogan PG, et al. Hamstring muscle injuries among water skiers (Functional outcome and prevention). Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:130–136
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
34. Johnson AE, Granville RR, DeBerardino TM. Avulsion of the common hamstring tendon origin in an active duty airman. Mil Med. 2003;1:40–42
35. Kirkland A, Garrison JC, Singleton SB, et al. Surgical and therapeutic management of a complete proximal hamstring avulsion after failed conservative approach. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;12:754–760
36. Puranen J, Orava S. The hamstring syndrome—A new gluteal sciatica. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1991;2:212–214
37. Puranen J, Orava S. The hamstring syndrome (A new diagnosis of gluteal sciatic pain). Am J Sports Med. 1988;5:517–521