Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 4 , Pages 248-256 , October 2003

Surgical treatment of ACL/PCL/ medial-side knee injuries

  • Frederick M Azar, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Frederick M. Azar, University of Tennessee-Campbell Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 910 Madison Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
    • University of Tennessee-Campbell Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Memphis, TN, USA

References 

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  3. Grood ES, Noyes FR, Butler DL, et al.  Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1257–1269
  4. Müller W. The knee—Form, function, and ligament reconstruction. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1983;
  5. Gardiner JC, Weiss JA, Rosenberg TD. Strain in the human medial collateral ligament during valgus loading of the knee. Clin Orthop. 2001;391:266
  6. Shelbourne KD, Patel DV. Management of combined injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:800–806
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  8. Ballmer PM, Jakob RP. The nonoperative treatment of isolated complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. A prospective study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1988;107:273–276
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  10. Indelicato PA, Hermansdorfer J, Huegel M. Nonoperative management of complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee in intercollegiate football players. Clin Orthop. 1990;256:174–177
  11. Kannus P. Long-term results of conservative treatment of medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee joint. Clin Orthop. 1988;226:103–112
  12. Hillard-Sembell D, Danile DM, Stone ML, et al.  Combined injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. Effect of treatment on stability and function of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:169–176
  13. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. The treatment of acute combined ruptures of the anterior cruciate and medial ligaments of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:380–391
  14. Shelbourne KD, Porter DA. Anterior cruciate ligament-medial collateral ligament injury: Nonoperative management of medial collateral ligament tears with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:283–286
  15. Larson RL. Combined instabilities of the knee. Clin Orthop. 1980;147:L68–L75
  16. O’Donoghue DH. Reconstruction for medial instability of the knee. Technique and results in sixty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:941–955
  17. Robins AJ, Newman AP, Burks RT. Postoperative return of motion in anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries (The effect of medial collateral ligament location). Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:20–25
  18. Warren RF, Marshall JL. Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A long-term follow-up of 86 cases, Part II. Clin Orthop. 1978;136:198–211

PII: S1060-1872(03)00048-0

doi: 10.1016/S1060-1872(03)00048-0

Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 4 , Pages 248-256 , October 2003

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